台灣大學人類學系
96學年度第一學期
授課：李永迪ytli@gate.sinica.edu.tw
週二10:10-13:10

早期國家與文明
Early States and Civilizations

主旨：
本課程在討論西方考古學中有關古代國家與文明形成的相關理論與研究，同時通過個案研究，討論目前不同地理區域在此一課題上的研究方法與成果。本課程的目的在建立學生對相關研究的基本瞭解，並期能掌握不同地區考古材料的運用與解釋。

課程採seminar專題討論形式，將分兩部分進行，第一部份為相關理論，第二部分為個案研究，包含兩河流域、埃及、中國、美洲。閱\讀書目將以英文為主，著重課堂報告與討論。授課對象為研究生及大學部高年級。

評分標準：
本課程將以課堂討論形式進行，著重口頭表達與書寫能力，目的在培養對課題的思考與分析，並建立批判的能力。評分方式如下：每週讀書心得20%，課堂參與及口頭報告20%，期末書面報告60%。

每週讀書心得於上課前一天（每週一中午前）以電子郵件繳交，逾期不得補交。讀書心得應包括該週閱\讀內容的摘述與心得討論；心得討論部分可對閱\讀內容進行分析批評，亦可提出閱\讀內容不易理解的部分，做為課堂討論的素材。每週讀書心得評分以是否按時繳交為主，內容正確與否次之。

口頭報告將視選課人數分組，每週由一組同學就該週閱\讀內容進行報告，並帶領討論。口頭報告必須以PowerPoint進行，使用之圖像材料必須註明出處。課堂參與根據課堂討論發言評分。

期末書面報告題目自選，但須經授課老師同意。報告分兩階段進行。第一階段應先訂定題目，進行研究文獻整理，於期中考繳交報告題綱與書目，並於課堂進行簡單口頭報告。報告於期末考期間繳交。

書面報告評分標準依據結構組織，討論深度與推理邏輯，行文與資料徵引。書寫與書目格式比照考古人類學學刊。

課程大綱

9/18 Week 1引言

9/25 Week 2 中秋節

10/2 Week 3 基本課題、定義、類型 (Issues, Definitions and Typology) I
基本課題與定義
閱\讀書目：Lamberg-Karlovsky and Sabloff 1995: 5-36; Scarre and Fagan 2003: 2-22; 23-58; Trigger 2003: 1-28, 40-52.

10/9 Week 4 基本課題、定義、類型 (Issues, Definitions and Typology) II
古代國家與文明的類型City states, territorial states, and empires
閱\讀書目：Charlton and Nichols 1997; Marcus and Feinman 1998; Sinopoli 2001; Trigger 2003: 92-119; Yoffee 2005: 42-62.

10/16 Week 5 柴爾德V. Gordon Childe與古文明研究
Urban Revolution 與文明要素
閱\讀書目：Childe 1950; Childe 1951: 1-16; Childe 1981: 117-143; Flannery 1994; Trigger 1994

10/23 Week 6古代國家形成理論 (Theories of ancient state formation) I
早期文化演進理論Social evolution theory and cultural typology
閱\讀書目：Carneiro 1970, 2003: 99-150; Flannery 1972; Sanders and Webster 1979

10/30 Week 7古代國家形成理論 (Theories of ancient state formation) II
文化演進論的再起：密西根學派與complex chiefdom
閱\讀書目：Beck 2003; Carneiro 1981; Earle 1987, 1991; Johnson and Earle 2000

11/6 Week 8古代國家形成理論 (Theories of ancient state formation) III
文化演進論的批判Reaction against evolutionary typologies
閱\讀書目： Feinman and Neitzel 1984; Rothman 1994; Shanks and Tilley 1988; Yoffee 1993, 2005: 1-21

11/13 Week 9古代國家形成理論 (Theories of ancient state formation) IV
非文化演進論的國家與文明研究
閱\讀書目：Carneiro 2003: 263-288; Feinman 1998, 2001; Flannery 1998; Trigger 2003; Yoffee 2005: 22-41

11/20 Week 10 期中考

11/27 Week 11 The Old World civilizations
閱\讀書目：Hole 1994; Kemp 1989; Stein 2001; Wenke 1989; Yoffee 1995;

11/29 Week 12 The New World civilizations
閱\讀書目：Cowgill 1997; Fash 1994; Manzanilla 2001; Marcus 1998; Stanish 2001

12/4 Week 13 Writing and its origins
Bagley 2004; Boone 1996; Cooper 2004; Goody 1986: 87-126; Larsen 1995; Senner 1989; Trigger 2004

12/11 Week 14 Engendering civilization
Al-Zubaidi 2004; Brumfiel 1991; Costin 1998; Pyburn 2004a, b

12/18 Week 15 Collapse
Tainter 1988: 39-90; Yoffee 2005: 131-160

12/25 Week 16 Consequences of civilization
Inequality, war, and disease
Chase and Chase 2003; Haas 2001; Paynter 1989; Mitchell 2003; Webster 1998

1/1 Week 17 元旦
1/8 Week 18 期末報告口頭報告
1/15 Week 19 期末考

閱\讀書目

Al-Zubaidi, Layla
2004 Tracing Women in Early Sumer. In Ungendering Civilization, edited by K. A. Pyburn, pp. 117-135. New York, Routledge.

Bagley, Robert W.
2004 Anyang Writing and the Origin of the Chinese Writing System. In The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process, edited by S. D. Houston, pp. 190-249. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Beck, Robin A. Jr.
2003 Consolidation and Hierarchy: Chiefdom Variability in the Mississippian Southeast. American Antiquity, 68 (4): 641-661.

Boone, Elizabeth Hill
1996 Introduction: Writing and Recording Knowledge. In Writing without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, edited by E. H. Boone and W. D. Mignolo, pp. 3-26. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Brumfiel, Elizabeth M.
1991 Weaving and Cooking: Women\'s Production in Aztec Mexico. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, pp. 224-253. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.

Carneiro, Robert L.
1970 A Theory of the Origin of the State. Science 169: 733-738.
1981 The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. In The Transition to Statehood in the New World, edited by G. D. Jones and R. R. Kautz, pp. 37-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Charlton, Thomas H. and Deborah L. Nichols
1997 The City-State Concepts: Development and Applications. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by D. L. Nichols and T. H. Charlton, pp. 1-14. Washitington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Chase, Diane Z. and Arlen F. Chase
2003 Texts and Contexts in Maya Warfare: A Brief Consideration of Epigreaphy and Archaeology at Caracol, Belize. In Ancient Mesoamerican Warefare, edited by M. K. Brown and T. W. Stanton, pp. 171-188. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.

Childe, V. Gordon
1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21 (1): 3-17.
1951 Social Evolution. New York: Henry Schuman.
1981 Man Makes Himself. Wiltshire: Moonraker Press. Third edition published 1956.

Cooper, Jerrold S.
2004 Babylonian Beginnings: the Origin of Cuneiform Writing System in Comparative Perspective. In The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process, edited by S. D. Houston, pp. 71-99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Costin, Cathy L.
1998 Housewives, Chosen Women, Skilled Men: Cloth Production and Social Identity in the Late Pre-hispanic Andes. In Craft and Social Identity, Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, edited by Cathy L. Costin and Rita P. Wright, pp. 123-144. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.

Cowgill, George L.
1997 State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 129-161.

Earle, T. K.
1987 Chiefdoms in Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Perspective. Annual Review of Anthropology 16:279-308.
1991 The Evolution of Chiefdoms. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by T. Earle, pp. 1-15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1997 How Chiefs Come to Power. Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Feinman, Gary M.
1994 Social Boundaries and Political Change: A Comparative Perspective. In Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, edited by G. Stein and M. S. Rothman, pp. 225-231. Madison: Prehistory Press.
1998 Scale and Social Organization: Perspectives on the Archaic State. In Archaic States, edited by G. M. Feinman and J. Marcus, pp. 95-133. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
2001 Mesoamerican Political Complexity: The Corporate-Network Dimension. In From Leaders to Rulers, edited by J. Haas, pp. 151-175. New York: Klumer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Feinman, Gary M. and Jill Neitzel
1984 Too Many Types: An Overview of Prestate Societies in the Americas. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 7: 39-102.

Flannery, Kent V.
1972 The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3: 399-426.
1994 Childe the Evolutionist: A Perspective from Nuclear America. In The Archaeology of V. Gordon Childe: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by David R. Harris, pp. 101-119.
1998 The Ground Plans of Archaic States. In Archaic States, edited by G. M. Feinman and J. Marcus, pp.15-57. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Goody, Jack
1986 The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Haas, Jonathan
2001 Warfare and the Evolution of Culture. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, edited by G. M. Feinman and T. D. Price, pp. 329-350. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Hole, Frank
1994 Environmental Instabilities and Urban Origins. In Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, edited by G. Stein and M. S. Rothman, pp. 121-151. Madison: Prehistory Press.

Johnson, Allen W. and Timothy Earle
2000 Introduction. In The Evolution of Human Societies: From Foraging Group to Agrarian State, edited by A.W. Johnson and T. Earle, pp. 1-40. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Kemp, Barry J.
1989 The Intellectual Foundations of the Early State. In Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of A Civilization, pp. 19-63. New York: Routledge.

Kristiansen, Kristian
1998 Chiefdoms, States and Systems of Social Evolution. In Social Transformations in Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives, edited by K. Kristiansen and M. Rowlands, pp. 243-267. London and New York: Routledge. Reprinted from T. Earle (ed.) 1991 Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Larsen, Mogens Trolle
1995 Introduction: Literacy and Social Complexity. In State and Society: The Emergence and Development of Social Hierarchy and Political Centralization, pp. 173-191. London and New York: Routledge.

Manzanilla, Linda
2001 State Formation in the New World. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, edited by G. M. Feinman and T. D. Price, pp. 381-414. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Maisels, Charles K.
1990 The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State in the Near East. London and New York: Routledge.

Marcus, J. and Garry M. Feinman
1998 Introduction. In Archaic States, edited by G. M. Feinman and J. Marcus, pp. 3-14. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.

Paynter, Robert
1989 The Archaeology of Equality and Inequality. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 369-399.

Pyburn, K. Anne
2004a Introduction: Rethinking Complex Society. In Ungendering Civilization, edited by K. A. Pyburn, pp. 1-46. New York, Routledge.
2004b Ungendering the Maya. In Ungendering Civilization, edited by K. A. Pyburn, pp. 216-233. New York, Routledge.

Rothman, Mitchell S.
1994 Introduction Part I. Evolutionary Typologies and Cultural Complexity. In Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, edited by G. Stein and M. S. Rothman, pp. 1-10. Madison: Prehistory Press.

Sanders, W. and D. Webster
1978 Unilinealism, Multilinealism, and the Evolution of evolution of Complex Societies. In The Rise of Civilization: from Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East, edited by Charles L. Redman, pp. 249-302.

Senner, Wayne M.
1989 Theories and Myths on the Origin of Writing: A Historical Overview. In The Origins of Writing, edited by W. M. Senner, pp. 1-26. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.

Shanks, Michael and Christopher Tilley
1988 Social Evolution and Societal Change. In Social Theory and Archaeology, edited by M. Shanks and C. Tilley, pp.137-185. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Sinopoli, Carla M.
2001 Empires. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, edited by G. M. Feinman and T. D. Price, pp. 439-471. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Stein, Gil J.
2001 Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World. In Archaeology at the Millennium: A Sourcebook, edited by G. M. Feinman and T. D. Price, pp. 353-379. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Tainter, Joseph A.
1988 The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Trigger, Bruce
1980 Gordon Childe: Revolutions in Archaeology. London: Thames and Hudson.
1984 The Rise of Egyptian Civilization. In Ancient Egypt: A Social History, edited by B. G. Trigger, B. J. Kemp, D. O’Connor, and A. B. Lloyd, pp. 1-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1994 Childe’s Relevance to the 1990’s. In The Archaeology of V. Gordon Childe: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by David R. Harris, pp. 9-34.
2003 Understanding Early Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2004 Writing Systems: A Case Study in Cultural Evolution. In The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process, edited by S. D. Houston, pp. 39-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wenke, Robert J.
1989 Egypt: Origins of Complex Societies. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 129-155.
1997 Citiy-States, Nation States, and Territorial States: The Problem of Egypt. In The Archaeology of City-States: Cross-Cultural Approaches, edited by D. L. Nichols and T. H. Charlton, pp. 27-50. Washitington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Wright, Henry T.
1986 The Evolution of Civilizations. In American Archaeology, Past and Future: A Celebration of the Society for American Archaeology, 1935-1985, edited by D. J. Meltzer, D. D. Fowler, and J. A. Sabloff, pp.323-365. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Yoffee, Norman
1993 Too Many Chiefs? (Or, Safe Texts for the 90’s). In Archaeological Theory: Who Sets the Agenda?, edited by N. Yoffee and A. Sherratt, pp. 60-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1995 Political Economy in Early Mesopotamian States. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 281-311.
2005 Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States, and Civilizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.